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We analyse, in short, whether company payment contributions can be included in director liability (to company) claims.

The Court of Justice of the European Union (Fourth Chamber), in its judgment of 1 August 2025, case C-665/23, IL v. Veracash SAS, concludes that a payer is deprived of the right to reimbursement of the amount of an unauthorised transaction if he or she delayed in notifying his or her payment service provider of the unauthorised payment transaction, even though he or she did so within 13 months from the debit date. This interpretation of the Payment Services Directive is applicable in Spain (Art. 43 RDL 19/2018) and appears to be retained in the future Regulation on payment services.

The risks of applying the doctrine according to which a contract is deemed withdrawn from if neither party to the same appears to want it. Not only is this solution likely to be inconsistent with the parties' claims, but it also wrongly rules out other civil law options the parties could pursue upon dismissal of the action for declaration of termination.

Summary of legislative and jurisprudential developments relating to the automotive sector.

Although Article 204(3)(d) places them on the same level, the erroneous counting of votes and the counting of invalid votes are very different, given that the latter requires judicial balancing.

Summary of legislative and case law developments in the automotive sector.

The content of the Directive on credit servicers and credit purchasers, only of non-performing credit (NPC), has been transposed into Spanish law more than a year late. The Bill introduces the administrative regime for credit servicers and amends, among others, the Consumer Credit Act and the Real Estate Credit Agreements Act.

If the creditor has a secured claim (even if the debt is covered by the "value of the security", i.e. the claim is in the money), the debtor cannot avoid the effects of the to-term forfeiture by appealing to the existence of that security because the guarantee referred to in Article 1129(1) of the Civil Code (avoiding to-term forfeiture) must then be another additional guarantee.