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Apreciación de consilium fraudis y procedencia de derivación de responsabilidad tributaria solidaria en supuestos de renuncia a un legado en favor de un tercero

icon 24 de abril, 2024
El Tribunal Superior de Justicia de la Comunidad Valenciana, en Sentencia de 15 de diciembre de 2023 (rec. núm. 1424/2022), resuelve un recurso contencioso-administrativo interpuesto contra una Resolución del Tribunal Económico Administrativo Regional que entendió que los reclamantes, hijos del deudor principal, colaboraron conscientemente en el vaciamiento patrimonial de éste al aceptar los bienes que integraban un legado de su padre, previa renuncia al mismo por el progenitor, derivándoseles la responsabilidad tributaria solidaria prevista en el artículo 42.2.a) de la Ley General Tributaria para quienes sean «causantes o colaboren en la ocultación o transmisión de bienes o derechos del obligado al pago con la finalidad de impedir la actuación de la Administración tributaria».

En el caso analizado, el padre de los declarados responsables fue designado legatario del usufructo universal vitalicio de su esposa, renunciando a dicho legado a favor de sus hijos en el mismo momento de otorgarse la escritura de manifestación y adjudicación de herencia en favor de éstos.

Los recurrentes centraron su defensa, fundamentalmente, en dos argumentos. En primer lugar, alegaron que los artículos 881 y 882 del Código Civil no resultaban aplicables al legado de usufructo universal y vitalicio, considerando así que su padre/legatario nunca habría adquirido la propiedad de un bien —sino un simple derecho al legado entendido como un mero derecho de crédito frente a los herederos—, por lo que la renuncia a tal legado no podía equipararse a una transmisión de este a los hijos. En segundo lugar, destacaron el carácter unilateral que, a tenor del artículo 888 del Código Civil, ha de predicarse de la renuncia al legado, unilateralidad que impediría atribuir responsabilidad alguna a quienes no han intervenido en dicha renuncia.

El Abogado del Estado, por su parte, recuerda que el artículo 881 del Código Civil se refiere a los legados puros y simples, incluyendo por tanto el legado de usufructo universal y vitalicio, derecho cuya titularidad adquiere el legatario ipso iure en el momento de la muerte del causante —ya que no exige aceptación—, e independientemente de quién sea el propietario de la cosa legada, extremo que no afecta a la resolución de la controversia. Además, sin cuestionar que la renuncia al legado es un acto unilateral, recuerda que la presunción de conocimiento de los recurrentes en la ocultación no se ha construido negando tal unilateralidad, sino sobre la base de varias circunstancias concurrentes que demuestran la presencia del elemento intencional que ha de apreciarse en la responsabilidad tributaria solidaria derivada a los recurrentes.

Precisamente en este último aspecto ha centrado el tribunal valenciano la argumentación de la sentencia que, adelantamos ya, desestima las pretensiones de los recurrentes y confirma el criterio de la resolución recurrida.

A esos efectos, el tribunal analiza la existencia de la colaboración o consilium fraudis de los actores en la ocultación del derecho de usufructo de su padre con la finalidad de impedir su traba por la Hacienda Pública, requisito necesario para que la derivación de responsabilidad sea pertinente en el caso que nos ocupa.

Para ello, se analizan los precedentes fácticos del caso, destacando la «vinculación existente entre las partes» —consistente en la relación paterno-filial entre el deudor y los destinatarios de los bienes transmitidos—; el «conocimiento real» que los demandantes tenían de las deudas del deudor principal y del procedimiento ejecutivo que se seguía contra aquél —ya que se había acordado el embargo de las participaciones sociales de las que eran titulares y de las cuotas ideales de la herencia, embargos que les fueron notificados personalmente—; y, sobre todo, «la secuencia temporal de los hechos», teniendo en cuenta que mientras que la herencia de los hijos permaneció yacente durante más de 6 años desde el fallecimiento de su madre, en menos de un año desde la notificación del embargo de las participaciones sociales y de los derechos hereditarios sobre los bienes inmuebles, los hijos y el padre acudieron al notario para aceptar la herencia —los primeros—, y para renunciar a su legado en favor de aquéllos —el segundo—.

La valoración conjunta de las circunstancias descritas constituye, para el tribunal, un sustrato indiciario suficiente para justificar la derivación de responsabilidad, considerando localizada la «intención defraudatoria» —elemento subjetivo de la responsabilidad que nos ocupa—, en la aceptación de la herencia yacente por los hijos en unidad de acto con la renuncia al legado por parte de su padre, circunstancia que fue determinante del derecho de acrecer de los hijos, hoy actores, que por dicho cauce adquieren el usufructo del padre e integran en sus patrimonios el pleno dominio de los bienes, impidiendo que el derecho de usufructo pudiera ser embargado para satisfacer el derecho de crédito que ostentaba la Administración Tributaria frente al deudor principal.

Cabe recordar, como también lo hace el tribunal valenciano, la doctrina del Tribunal Supremo vertida en su Sentencia de 15 de febrero de 2023 (rec. núm. 3011/21), donde se destacó el carácter circunstancial y casuístico de la intención defraudatoria que ha de localizarse en las conductas que tipifica el artículo 42.2.a) de la Ley General Tributaria, extremo que impide ofrecer reglas generales, pero que no obsta para sentar unos criterios orientadores mínimos para la aplicación del supuesto de responsabilidad solidaria analizado.

Autor/es

Pilar Álvarez – Consejo Académico

Tipología

Actualidad Jurídica

Áreas y sectores

Fiscal

Contacto para prensa

Sandra Cuesta
Sandra Cuesta
Directora de Desarrollo de Negocio, Marketing y Comunicación
Sandra Cuesta
Sandra Cuesta
Directora de Desarrollo de Negocio, Marketing y Comunicación
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